Direct Energy Use in the EU Livestock Sector: A Review Recommending Energy Efficiency Measures and Renewable Energy Sources Adoption

This document provides an in-depth review of direct energy consumption across the EU livestock sector and offers evidence-based recommendations for improving energy efficiency and integrating renewable energy sources on farms. It summarizes energy use benchmarks for various production systems (dairy, beef, pigs, poultry) and analyzes key drivers influencing energy demand. The document explores technical, economic, and environmental factors affecting the adoption of efficiency measures and renewable solutions, such as solar, biogas, and heat recovery systems. Practical guidance is provided to support farmers, advisors, and policymakers in reducing energy costs, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, and aligning farm operations with EU sustainability and climate objectives.